MARS BIBLE — ORGANISATIONS
Space agencies, centres and companies
The organisations that learned how to reach Mars — and those building capabilities for the next steps.
United States federal space agency
NASA
From Mariner and Viking to rovers, global science infrastructure and Moon to Mars architectures.
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Caltech research and engineering center managed for NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
The interplanetary workshop: spacecraft, rovers, autonomy, navigation and the Deep Space Network.
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American space company
SpaceX
From Falcon 1 to Starship: reuse, industrial cadence and the Mars ambition.
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American space company founded by Jeff Bezos
Blue Origin
New Shepard, BE-4, New Glenn and the gradual construction of space transportation infrastructure.
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European intergovernmental space organisation
European Space Agency (ESA)
Mars Express, ExoMars, Trace Gas Orbiter and Rosalind Franklin: Europe builds its own Mars capabilities.
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Russian state space corporation and associated science ecosystem
Roscosmos and the Russian space heritage
From Soviet Mars missions to Phobos-Grunt and ExoMars: a historic power whose current public Mars roadmap is less transparent.
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Chinese space ecosystem: CNSA, CAS, CASC, CMSA and associated actors
China’s space program
Tianwen-1, Zhurong, Tianwen-3 and China’s institutional architecture: reconstructing a fragmented public picture without confusing official facts with foreign assessments.
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Indian Space Research Organisation
ISRO
Mangalyaan: a first interplanetary mission designed as both a technology demonstration and Mars science mission.
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JAXA
MMX turns Phobos into a laboratory for understanding Mars and acquiring round-trip technologies from the Martian sphere.
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UAE Space Agency & MBRSC
Hope Probe, national strategy and Mars 2117: using Mars as an accelerator of scientific and industrial capability.
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French national space agency
CNES
ChemCam, SuperCam, MMX/IDEFIX: France often reaches Mars through high-value scientific instruments and subsystems.
Read the full dossier →Canadian federal space agency
Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
APXS and Martian geochemistry: a focused contribution can carry major scientific weight in an international mission.
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